Regionally Based
Assessment of Persistent
Toxic Substances
GEF
MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Minutes
of the
Second Regional Workshop
on
Assessment of (eco)toxicological impact of PTS and transboundary transport
3-5 April 2002, Roma (Italy)
Rapporteurs:
Prof. J. Albaigés
Dr. Elena de Felip
Regional Coordinator
Laboratorio di Tossicologia ed
MED POL Programme Officer
Ecotossicologia
Department of Environmental Chemistry (CSIC)
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Barcelona, Spain
Roma (Italy)
E-mail:albqam@cid.csic.es
Email: defelip@iss.it
Organizational details
The Workshop was held in Rome (Italy) at the premises of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità,
Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy (http://www.iss.it) under the coordination of Dr.
Elena de Felip, member of the Regional team.
The Workshop was attended by 34 participants (Annex 1) who contributed with oral
presentations and discussions within the working groups.
The Agenda of the Workshop was as follows:
Agenda of the 2nd WS
Tuesday, April 02, 2002
Afternoon or
Arrival, accommodation
Hotel Villa Torlonia
evening
Via B. Eustachio 3/5/7A
00161 Roma
Wednesday, April 03, 2002
09.00 9.30
Opening addresses
Representative of the Italian Ministry of the Environment
A. di Domenico (Director Unit Ecotox. ISS, Rome)
P. Whylie (UNEP-Chemicals, Geneva)
Overview of the GEF RBA PTS Project J. Albaigés
Presentation of the background documents
9.30 - 10.30
Global and regional distribution pathways of PTS
K.C. Jones (UK) POPs in the global environment: monitoring
strategies to understand and predict global fate and behaviour.
S. Dutchak (Russia) - Long-range transport of PTS in the
Mediterranean region.
10.30 - 11.00
Coffee break
11.00 - 13.00
Regional transport of pollutants
M. Millan (Spain) Atmospheric transport mechanisms in the W.
Mediterranean
G. Kallos (Greece) - Long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants
from Europe to Africa
E. Stephanou (Greece) Atmospheric Occurrence and Processes of
PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs over the eastern Mediterranean.
A. Yilmaz (Turkey) Exchange of PAHs between the Black and
Mediterranean Seas.
R. Guardans (Spain) Towards an integrated assessment modelling
framework for the Mediterranean, why?, how?.
Discussion
13.00 - 14.30
Lunch
14.30 - 16.00
Working group. The participants will analyse the presentations and the
background documents, to assess regional transport pathways, and make
recommendations to plenary regarding PTS of major concern and key data
gaps.
Working group (chair E. Stephanou)
16.00 - 16.30
Coffee break
16.30 - 18.00
Plenary
Areas of major concern, gaps.
Scoring of chemicals
(see Annex 2)
Thursday, April 04, 2002
09.00 - 10.30
S. Bintein (France). New approaches in risk assessment and management of
PTS
R. Miniero (Italy). High concern PTS in Italy: the ISS experience
10.30 - 11.00
Coffee break
11.00 - 13.00
Overview of the region regarding effects in humans:
J.F. Narbonne (France). Risk assessment of PTS in food
J. Jan (Slovenia). Assessment of PCBs in human tissues and their
effects on dental development in Slovenia.
M.M. Amr (Egypt). PTS monitoring and health problems in Egypt.
L. Massouh (Syria). Overview of PTS in Syria
N. Ergin (Turkey). The assessment of PTS human risks in Turkey
M. Porta (Spain). PTS and public health in Spain
13.00 - 14.30
Lunch
14.30 16.15
Overview of the region regarding effects in the environment:
E. Testai (Italy). New trends in the toxicological evaluation
S. Michaelidou (Cyprus). Ecotoxicological testing and validation
E. Vindimian (France). Soil ecotoxicology.
A. Romaña (France). Risk assessment in estuaries of PTS
L. Viganò (Italy). Endocrine disruption and PTS
16.15 - 16.30
Coffee break
16.30 17.30
V. Ternifi (Slovenia). Ecotoxicology studies in Slovenia.
A. Moukrim (Morocco). Ecotoxicology studies in Morocco.
N. Kodeih (Lebanon). (Eco)toxicological studies in Lebanon.
17.30-18.30
Working groups. The participants will be divided into two groups to analyse
the presentations and the background documents, to identify environmental
and health effects, and make recommendations to plenary regarding PTS of
major concern and key data gaps.
Working group 1 (chair E. de Felip)
Human effects
Working group 2 (chair J.F. Narbonne) Environmental effects
20.30 - ....
Common dinner
Friday, April 05, 2002
09.00 - 10.30
Working group 1
Human effects
Working group 2
Environmental effects
10.30 - 11.00
Coffee break
11.00 - 13.00
Working groups 1 and 2
13.00 - 14.30
Lunch
14.30 - 16.00
Plenary session (chairs E. de Felip and
Overview of working group
J.F. Narbonne)
results. Areas of major concern
16.00 - 16.30
Coffee break
16.30 - 17.30
Plenary session (chair J. Albaiges)
Scoring of chemicals
17.30 - 18.00
Final recommendations
Regional network of experts
and Closing address
List of contributions
Besides the background document prepared by the Regional Team, the following
contributions were received which will be incorporated to the Report Draft.
Atmospheric transport mechanisms in the W. Mediterranean
M. Millan, CEAM, Valencia (Spain)
Long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants from Europe to Africa
G. Kallos, University of Athens (Greece)
Atmospheric Occurrence and Processes of PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs over the eastern
Mediterranean.
M. Mandalakis, M. Tsapakis, A. Tsoga and E. Stephanou*
University of Crete (Greece)
Exchange of PAHs between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
A. Yilmaz, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli-Icel (Turkey)
Assessment of PTS loads in the Rhone and Seine rivers
J. Tronczynsky, K. Moisan and A. Romaña, IFREMER, Nantes (France)
Towards an integrated assessment modelling framework for the Mediterranean, why?,
how?.
R. Guardans, CIEMAT (on leave), Madrid (Spain)
POPs in the global environment: monitoring strategies to understand and predict global fate
and behaviour.
K.C. Jones, University of Lancaster (UK)
Long-range transport of PTS in the Mediterranean region.
S. Dutchak and A. Malanichev, EMEP/MSC-E, Moscow (Russia)
New approaches in risk assessment and management of PTS. Overview of the EU (future)
legislation concerning PTS
S. Bintein, Ministry of the Environment, Paris (France).
Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Italian Environment and a Preliminary Risk
Assessment for Mediterranean Species
R. Minero*, E. De Felip and A. di Domenico, Ist. Superiore di Sanita, Rome (Italy).
PAHs in the Italian environment and risk assessment
F. Valerio, Istuto per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova (Italy)
Risk assessment of PTS in food
J.F. Narbonne, University of Bordeaux (France).
Risk assessment of PTS in ecotoxocolgy
J.F. Narbonne, University of Bordeaux (France).
Assessment of PCBs in human tissues and their effects on dental development in Slovenia.
J. Jan, University of Ljubliana (Slovenia).
PTS monitoring and health problems in Egypt.
M.M. Amr, Cairo University (Egypt).
Overview of the current status of PTS in Syria
L. Massouh, University of Damascus (Syria).
Hazardous effects of PTS in human health in Turkey
N. Ergin, Refik Saydam Hygiene Institute, Ankara (Turkey).
The effects of chlorinated pesticides and hydrocarbons on the environment and biota.
D. Kolankaya, Hacettepe University, Ankara (Turkey).
PTS and public health in Spain
M. Porta, IMIM, Barcelona (Spain).
New trends in PTS toxicological evaluation
E. Testai and E. de Felip, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome (Italy)
Ecotoxicological testing integrated with chemical analysis for pollution monitoring:
experiences and future perspective
S. Michaelidou, Ministry of Health (Cyprus).
How to set-up multimedia environmental quality standards for mixtures of PTS?
E. Vindimian, INERIS, Paris (France).
Risk assessment of PTS in estuaries
A. Romaña, IFREMER, Toulon (France).
Risk assessment of PTS in French river basins
M. Chevreuil, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris (France)
Endocrine disruption and PTS
L. Viganò(1)*, A. Mandich(2), E. Benfenati(3), S. Focardi(4) and S. Polesello(1)
1. Ist. di Ricerca sulle Acque (CNR), Brugherio (Milan) Italy. 2. Univ. di Genova
(Italy). 3. Ist. Mario Negri, Milan (Italy). 4. Univ. degli Studi di Siena (Italy)
Ecotoxicology studies in Slovenia.
V. Ternifi and E. Fabjan, Ministry of Health, Ljubliana (Slovenia).
PTS ecotoxicology studies in the Morocco coast.
A. Moukrim, University of Agadir (Morocco).
(Eco)toxicological studies in Lebanon.
N. Kodeih* and A. Kaskas, Ministry of Environment, Antelias (Lebanon).
Adverse impact of PCBs and PAHs on biotic and abiotic systems in the F.R. of Yugoslavia
M. Vojinovic-Miloradiv, Univeristy of Novi Sad (Yugoslavia)
Working Groups
Three WG were established according to the topics presented in the previous sessions, and the
following issues to be discussed were identified:
- Transboundary transport:
· Are there enough data in the region to identify transboundary
processes?
· Is there any evidence of regional and extra-regional transport of PTS
· Data gaps
Participants: E. Stephanou (rapporteur), F. Abousamra, K.C. Jones, S. Dutchak, M. Millan,
G. Kallos, A.Yilmaz, R. Guardans.
- Effects in the environment (1) and humans (2):
· Are there clear evidences in the region concerning ecotoxicology or
human health effects?
· Which indices are proposed as more adequate for assessing effects?
· Which models are the best suited for risk assessment?
· Gaps
Participants (1): J.F. Narbonne (Rapporteur), S. Bintein, L. Massouh, S. Michaelidou, E.
Vindimian, A. Romaña, L. Viganò, A. Moukrim, N. Kodeih, R. Guardans, S. Dutchak.
Participants (2): E. de Felip (Rapporteur), J. Jan, M.M. Amr, N. Ergin, M. Porta, E. Testai, V.
Ternifi.
General conclusions
Transboundary transport
Source and emission inventories of POPs do exist for some Mediterranean countries,
especially for the northern ones, but for most of them they are totally missing. Although there
are a lot of data on levels of various PTS, namely PCBs, DDTs and PAHs in biotic and
abiotic samples, scarce data are available for the atmospheric compartment preventing a solid
assessment of the regional/global trends. In general, it is difficult to assess what source(s) are
controlling environmental levels and to assess whether they can be further controlled or
affected by long range transport processes. However, it appears that the Mediterranean is a
sink for PTS, particularly the Western basin, where the atmospheric inputs exceed those of
rivers.
Due to climatic and physiographic characteristics of the Mediterranean region long range
transport of air pollutants may occur during all seasons, with the warm period of the year
being the most effective. Transcontinental scale transport between Europe, Asia and Africa is
evident based on meteorological modelling, the Europe to Africa direction prevailing over
the others.
The transport from the Black Sea is at least well established for PAHs as well as the
exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar. Data on riverine inputs is scarce.
All these issues require well-conceived and conducted monitoring programmes to provide the
evidence and there is little sign yet of concerted multi-national programmes at this respect..
Cost-effective monitoring and modelling can be used to help improve our understanding, and
address the regulatory needs of signatories to the international PTS conventions.
Ecotoxicology effects
Microorganisms
Biotests are available for risk assessment in soils but no data on monitoring
Microbiological monitoring of surface fresh waters have revealed increased resistance in
polluted estuaries.
Plants
Direct effects on plants are not well documented yet but measurements and models show the
importance forests as sinks and sources of anthropogenic PTS. Investigations refer to the
transfer from air emissions to herbivores. Some aquatic plants (e.g. alga) have been observed
to concentrate POPs from their surroundings, but toxic effects have not been studied.
Invertebrates
Many laboratory experiments have investigated the toxicity of PTS to invertebrates (mainly
marine organisms). Daphnia, Dressenia, Ceriodaphnia, Eisenia, Corbicula, mussels and
urchins were among of those studied. Spermi, embryo and larvae are used for genotoxicity
and developmental defects. Imposex is the main effect observed of TBT on gasteropods
Fish
A range of symptoms is shown by fish exposed to POPs. In general, studies refer to
metabolism. For example, it appears that congeners with fewer chlorine atoms tend to be
more rapidly metabolised and eliminated whilst highly chlorinated forms have limited
membrane permeability or bioavailability. End point deal with growth, endocrine disruption,
CYP and drug metabolism induction, biochemical parameters and genotoxicity.
Bioaccumulation in fish is the main element in biomagnification and trophic transfer of POPs
from the aquatic reservoir to humans. Redistribution of POPs from maternal tissues to the
developing eggs, represent the important route to exposure for critical early life stages.
Birds
Laboratory studies have shown bird species to be susceptible to exposure to POPs displaying
decreased egg production, embryotoxicity and thickness of the egg shell. Field evidence in
the region is very limited.
Mammals
Most of the effects of POPs were studied in mammals, particularly in laboratory rats and
mice. The laboratory findings also appear to be applicable to wild populations of mammals in
field observations and experiments. PCDD/Fs and PCBs contributed to POPs exposure of
marine mammals.
Field monitoring and environmental risk assessment
Monitoring programs are generally based on different approaches :
Chemical parameters (abiotic and biotic matrices)
Biomarkers (exposure and effects)
Ecosystemic parameters
A number of reports illustrated the development of the ecotoxicology studies in the region:
Po River (fish caged and residents)
Seine estuary (resident species)
Adour Garonne (caged)
Venezia Lagoon (mussels)
Cyprus Integrated Approach: Chemical and biological (toxicity tests and
biomonitoring)
Adriatic Sea (resident species ex situ))
Ebro and Llobregat rivers (resident)
Nile (resident species)
North Coast Mediterranean (resident)
Agadir Bay (resident and caged lab exposure)
These studies provide guidelines for the identification of hot spots, particularly in costal areas
(e.g. Adriatic, Seine, Po and Nile estuaries, Izmir bay) and inland areas (e.g. middle Po and
Ebro rivers, MSWI in France, etc.). Furthermore, the combination of chemical and biological
methods can provide early identification and response to new emerging problems
On the other hand, different approaches have been proposed for risk assessment:
PEC / PENEC
Hazard Quality ratio (HQs)
Intrinsic properties of chemicals (PBT)
Development and application of Environmental Quality Standards (multi media)
Reliable Environmental Data
Most of them have been developed in northern countries and there is a need for their
adaptation and testing also in the southern countries.
Gaps
For monitoring the following needs have been identified:
- For a uniform approach and framework for evaluation and monitoring of receiving
waters in the region
- For chronic toxicity data
- Data on juvenile fish
- Multidisciplinary approach, specially for delta and estuaries
- Improved Water Quality Indices (various types of indices have been developed which
need to be evaluated and integrated. Workshops can be organised along with training
workshops for biomarker scales)
- Mesocosm studies (validation of biological parameters and biomarkers)
- Monitoring of waste waters (industrial release without treatment)
- Mathematical modelling
There is a lack of ecotoxicological data for some PTS in the region (e.g. alkyl phenols,
PBDEs, phthalates, PAHs,...). Special attention should be paid to sediment source of
exposure (reservoirs) and effects.
The experience in recent decades in the European Union and the UN/ECE has demonstrated
the advantages of an integrated science based approach, linking population, activities,
emissions, transport and effects in a coherent international cooperative risk assessment
framework. Such an approach is cost effective in making better use of available scientific and
technical resources and in helping policy makers to design effective environmental policy.
The lack of such an integrated assessment framework poses serious threats to the scientific,
environmental and political development of equitable strategies for the protection of the
Mediterranean population, environment and resources.
Human Exposure and Health Effects
Exposure
Food is the main exposure route to PTS for most North Mediterranean countries, but
occupational exposure and inappropriate handling due to illegal use of banned pesticides has
also to be considered especially in South Mediterranean countries. Eventual `hot spots'
should not be neglected.
As far as food is concerned, analysis of PTS in food items should include congener-specific
analysis (including non-dioxin like PCBs). In the Mediterranean region, information on food
contamination by PTS shows large time and geographic gaps. Applying effective measures to
decrease POPs contamination of animal feed and human foods is a major challenge. Even the
existing legislation on chemical residues in food is unevenly enforced in Europe.
The scarcity of data is even more severe in terms of PTS body-burdens: a representative
study of a general healthy population living in a wide geographic area has never been
conducted in any country of the region. Temporal trends are impossible to assess, essentially
because of the limited number of subjects analysed and inappropriate reporting of methods
by most studies.
Monitoring programs should be activated and periodically carried out on a country basis in
order to collect information on the general population exposure. These programmes should
be integrated in an international network. Harmonized strategies for selection of
representative populations, sampling and analytical methods are needed to provide
comparable data. For the success of the strategy, the project should include training
programs and exchange of expertise among Mediterranean Countries.
Health Effects
For many PTS, toxicological effects are still unknown or not fully clarified, and mechanistic
information lacking. Moreover, even for those PTS whose hazard has been characterized
(i.e. PAHs ), no risk assessment is actually feasible due to the lack of exposure data in most
countries. For the success of the strategy, specific training programs for toxicologists,
epidemiologists and environmental professionals should be activated.
The development of new, relevant and validated biomarkers of exposure, effect and
susceptibility should be encouraged. A better knowledge of exposure, toxicological
properties and mechanisms of actions obtained in an integrated approach of research could
help in the protection of both general population and vulnerable groups.
Most countries in the region lack population indicators on the impact that environmental
processes have on human health. Several government levels (municipal, regional, central)
have a role in the monitoring of biological levels of PTS among humans in order to assess the
risks of adverse health effects. Assessing the degree of contamination of the general
population by PTS is necessary to fulfil the governments' mission to protect the public
health.
In Mediterranean countries, studies on the effects that PTS have upon humans are extremely
infrequent. In some countries it may be possible or preferable to integrate PTS measurements
(and the objectives of the European Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemical
Agents, see below) within the ongoing National Health Interview Survey and related studies.
It is important that the individuals studied constitute a representative sample of the general
population. If this is not possible, attempt to study large groups as similar as possible to the
general health population, and measure accurately their characteristics (age, gender,
occupation or education).
The following guidelines of the European Report on Human Exposure to Environmental
Chemical Agents are to be considered. The overall purpose of this Report is to provide to
citizens, policy-makers and scientists population-based, valid information on body
concentrations of environmental chemical agents (ECAs) to help prevent diseases that result
from exposure to ECAs.
Specific targets are:
- To determine whether selected ECAs are getting into the bodies of Europeans and what
levels of these chemicals are in blood, urine or human milk.
- For chemicals with a known toxicity level, to measure the prevalence of people in the population
who have elevated levels of the ECA.
- To assess the effectiveness of societal efforts to reduce the exposure of Europeans to
specific ECAs (e.g., PTS).
- To establish reference ranges that determine whether a person has an unusually high blood
or urine level of an ECA.
- To track, over time, trends in the levels of exposure of the EU population to ECAs.
- To determine whether levels of ECAs are higher in children, the elderly, women of
childbearing age, workers at risk, people of lower income, or other population groups.
- To set priorities for research on the human health effects of ECAs.
Scoring for Prioritising PTS for Environmental and Human Effects
Mediterranean Region
Chemical
Ecotox.
Data gaps
Human
Data gaps
Effects
Effects
Dieldrin and Aldrin
0,0,0,1,1,0
0,0,1,2,1,1,0 0,0,0,0,1,1,-,
0,0,2,0,2,1,2
Endrin
0,0,0,1,1,0
0,0,1,2,1,1,0 0,0,0,0,1,1,-,
0,0,2,0,2,1,2
Chlordane
0,0,0,1,1,0
0,0,1,2,1,1,1 0,0,0,0,1,1,-,
0,0,2,0,2,1,2
Heptachlor
0,0,0,1,1,0
0,0,1,2,1,1,0 0,0,0,0,1,1,-,
0,0,2,0,2,1,2
DDT
0,1,0,1,1,1
0,0,1,2,1,1,0 0,1,0,1,1,2,-,
0,0,2,0,2,1,2
Toxaphene
0,0,0,1,1,0
0,0,1,2,1,1,0 0,0,0,0,1,1,-,
0,0,2,0,2,2,2
Mirex
0,0,0,1,0,0
0,0,1,2,0,1,2 0,0,0,0,1,0,-,
0,0,2,1,2,0,2
Hexachlorobenzene
0,0,0,1,1,1
2,0,1,2,1,1,0 0,2,0,1,1,1,-,
2,2,2,0,2,1,2
PCBs
2,2,1,1,1,1
2,2,1,2,2,1,1 2,2,0,0,1,1,-,
2,2,2,1,2,2,2
Dioxins and Furans
2,2,-,1,1,1
2,2,2,2,1,1,1 2,2,-,0,1,1,-,
2,1,1,2,2,1,2
HCH
0,1,1,0,1,0
0,0,1,2,2,1,2 0,1,-,0,0,1,-,
0,-,1,0,2,2,2
Endosulfan
2,-,-,0,1,0
2,0,1,2,2,1,1 -,-,-,0,0,1,-,
-,-,1,0,2,2,2
Chlor. Paraffins
2,-,-,0,1,0
2,2,-,2,2,1,2 0,1,-,0,0,1,-,
0,2,-,1,2,2,2
PCP
2,1,-,0,1,0
2,-,2,2,2,2,2 0,1,-,0,0,1,-,
0,1,2,1,2,2,2
PBBs and PBDEs
2,-,-,0,1,0
2,2,2,2,2,2,2 2,2,-,0,0,1,-,
2,2,2,1,2,2,2
PAHs
2,1,1,2,1,1
2,1,2,2,2,1,2 2,2,-,0,2,1,-,
2,1,1,0,2,2,2
Phthalates
0,1,-,1,1,0
2,-,2,2,2,2,2 2,1,-,0,1,1,-,
2,2,2,0,2,2,2
Alkylphenols
2,2,-,1,1,1
2,2,-,2,2,1,2 2,2,-,0,1,1,-,
2,2,-,1,2,2,2
Org. Tin Compds.
2,1,-,0,1,0
0,-,2,2,1,2,2 0,1,-,0,0,1,-,
0,1,2,1,2,1,2
Org. Mercury
2,1,-,0,1,1
2,-,2,2,1,1,1 2,1,-,0,0,1,-,
2,1,2,1,2,1,2
Compds.
Others?
Scores:
Score = 0 chemical is of no concern
Score = 1 chemical has local concern
Score = 2 chemical has regional concern
Annex 1. List of participants
Dr. Fouad ABOUSAMRA
UNEP/MAP
Athens, Greece
fouad@unepmap.gr
Prof. Joan ALBAIGES
CID-CSIC
Barcelona, Spain
albqam@cid.csic.es
Prof. Mahmoud AMR
Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University
Cairo, Egypt
m.m.amr@excite.com
Prof. Assem BARAKAT
University of Alexandria
Alexandria, Egypt
abarakat@dataxprs.com.eg
Dr. Sylvain BINTEIN
Ministère de l'Aménagement du territoire et de l'environnement
Paris, France
sylvain.bintein@environnement.gouv.fr
Prof. Jordi BRUNO
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Barcelona, Spain
Jordi.Bruno@upc.es
Dr. Alessandro di DOMENICO
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Roma, Italy
addeke@iss.it
Dr. Elena DE FELIP
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Rome, Italy
defelip@iss.it
Dr. Jordi DIAZ
Institut Quimic de Sarria
Barcelona, Spain
jdiaz@iqs.es
Dr. Sergey DUTCHAK
MSC-E of EMEP
Moscow, Russia
sergey.dutchak@msceast.org
Mrs. Nur ERGIN
Poison Research Center
Ankara, Turkey
zehir@saglik.gov.tr
Dr. Ramon GUARDANS
CIEMAT (on leave)
Madrid, Spain
ramon.guardans@soundplots.com
Dr. Aldo IACOMELLI
Ministry of Environment
Rome, Italy
iacomelli.aldo@minambiente.it
Dr. Janja JAN
University of Ljubljana
Ljubljana, Slovenia
janja.jan@mf.uni-lj.si
Prof. Kevin C. JONES
University of Lancaster
Lancaster, UK
k.c.jones@lancaster.ac.uk
Prof. George KALLOS
University of Athens
Athens, Greece
kallos@mg.uoa.gr
Dr. Naji KODEIH
Ministry of Environment
Antelias, Lebanon
nkodeih@moe.gov.lb
Prof. Laila MASSOUH
University of Damascus
Damascus, Syria
randoush@netcourrier.com
Dr. Stella MICHAELIDOU
State General Laboratory
Nicosia, Cyprus
stellacm@spidernet.com.cy>
Dr. M. MILLAN
Mediterranean Centre of Environmental Studies
Valencia, Spain
millan@ceam.es
Dr. Roberto MINIERO
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Roma, Italy
roberto.miniero@iss.it
Prof. A. MOUKRIM
Université Ibn Zohr d'Agadir,
Agadir, Morocco
moukrim@nomade.fr
Prof. Jean-François NARBONNE
University of Bordeaux I
Talence, France
jf.narbonne@lptc.u-bordeaux.fr
Dr. Mladen PICER
Institute Rudjer Boskovic
Zagreb, Croatia
picer@rudjer.irb.hr
Dr. Miquel PORTA
IMIM
Barcelona, Spain
mporta@IMIM.es
Dr. Louis-Alexandre ROMANA
IFREMER
Toulon, France
Axel.Romana@ifremer.fr
Prof. Euripides STEPHANOU
University of Crete
Heraklion, Greece
stephanou@chemistry.uch.gr
Dr. Vesna TERNIFI
Ministry of Health
Ljubljana, Slovenia
vesna.ternifi@gov.si
Dr. Emanuela TESTAI
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Roma, Italy
testai@iss.it
Prof. Federico VALERIO
IST, University of Genova
Genova, Italy
valerio@hp380.ist.unige.it
Dr. Luigi VIGANÒ
Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque CNR
Brugherio (Milan), Italy
vigano@server-mi.irsa.rm.cnr.it
Dr. Eric VINDIMIAN
INERIS
Paris, France
eric.vindimian@ineris.fr
Dr. Aysen YILMAZ
Institute of Marine Sciences
Erdemli-Icel, Turkey
yilmaz@ims.metu.edu.tr
Mr. Paul WHYLIE
Project manager
UNEP Chemicals
Geneve, Switzerland
PWhylie@unep.ch